Tag archives: certainty

If there were cameras in every public space, it might lower the prison population. How? Fear of being caught is an effective deterrent. That concept comes from Italian criminologist Cesare Beccaria’s 1764 publication On Crimes and Punishments: Certainty of punishment is more important than severity of punishment. Researcher Daniel Nagin refined this claim in his […]

If life is a swimming pool, look for me at the shallow end. I’m not (by my own standards) a very adventurous person – and advancing years have not made me any braver. But what they have done is make me increasingly aware of how many different things I depend on, just to keep going […]